The Usage Of A Bandgap Reference Voltage Engineering Essay Free Essays

A bandgap mention electromotive force is an indispensable constituent of an parallel to digital converter.It is frequently used to provide a mention electromotive force which is compared with others voltages.The bandgap mention used in diverse applications is based on the thought of Hilbiler in 1964 [ 1 ] aˆ‚A bandgap mention electromotive force with low sensitiveness to temperature and supply electromotive force is normally required in parallel or digital circuits. We will write a custom essay sample on The Usage Of A Bandgap Reference Voltage Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Low electromotive force and low power are two of import design standards in both parallel and digital systems.It been expected that the whole electronics system will be operated down to a individual 1-V supply in near future.The bandgap mention ( BGR ) generators which can be operated under 1-V supply have been widely used in DRAM, falsh memories, analog-digital convertor ( ADC ) and assorted parallel devices.So far many techniques have been proposed to develop electromotive force or current mentions, which can be about independent to temperature and power supply voltage.The bandgap mention is the major design to supply a preciseness electromotive force mention with low sensitiveness to the temperature and the power supply.when CMOS engineerings enter the nano-scale epoch, The demand for battery operated portable equipments will increase.the supply electromotive force has been scaled down from 1.8V ( in 0.18 µm engineering ) to 1.2V ( in 0.13 µm engineering ) , and will drop to merely 0.9V in the following coevals engineering [ 2 ] .In CMOS engineering, the parasitic perpendicular bipolar junction ( BJT ) had been normally used to implement P-N junction of the bandgap reference.But the traditional CMOS bandgap mention circuits did non work in sub 1-V supply voltage.the ground, that the minimal supply electromotive force can non be lower than 1V is constrained by two factors, which is the bandgap electromotive force of around 1.25V in Si, which is exceeds 1V supply.The others factor is the low-tension design of the relative to absolute temperature current coevals cringle is limited by input common-mode electromotive force of the amplifier.These two limitions can be solved by utilizing the resistive subdivision methods, low threshold electromotive force ( or indigen ) device, BiCMOS procedure or DTMOS device.However, those attacks frequently require specialised procedure and word picture which addition fiction cost and procedure stairss. Reference electromotive force generators are required to be stabilized over procedure, electromotive force and temperature fluctuations and besides implemented without alteration of fiction process.The bandgap mention ( BGR ) is one of the most popular mention electromotive force generators that successfully achieve the requirements.regarding the generators, the demand for the low power and low electromotive force operation is strongly increasing the spread of the battery-operated portable applications.A bandgap mention electromotive force is an indispensable constituent of an analog-to-digital converterIt is frequently used to provide a mention electromotive force which is compared with others voltage. A bandgap mention electromotive force with low sensitiveness to temperature and supply electromotive force is normally required in parallel or digital circuits.there are several methods to recognize a temperature independent voltage.the base emitter junction used as a nucleus constitu ent of the bandgap mention is the most popular approach.the general bandgap mention electromotive force mention electromotive force is described by a additive combination of base-emitter electromotive force. Bandgap mention circuit is widely used to supply stable current and electromotive force mentions in parallel circuits every bit good as in assorted signal CMOS circuits.A stable mention circuit should be robust against temperature, power supply and procedure variations.Sub-1-V mention coevals has got importance due to scaling ensuing in shrinking of MOS dimensions and decrease of power supply to minimise power ingestion. owing to follow Moore ‘s Law, it has become needfully of import to diminish the power in the chip.This puts the restraint on the power dissipation of mention generators.the design of this bandgap besides see for low power operation..In traditional BGR circuit, bipolar transistors and one or more resistances are used.BJTs that are used in BGR are in parasitic signifier in CMOS.resistor occupy big country on the bit and hence addition the cost.on bit tolerance of resistances vary from 20 % to 30 % .So, we have to replaced these constituents with MOS transistors t o better public presentation of BGR and to salvage bit area.The combination of different runing parts like subthreshold, additive and impregnation of MOS suppresses the temperature dependance of electromotive force mention. Aims: To set up a dc electromotive force or current that is independent of the supply and procedure and has a chiseled behaviour with temperature. To plan the BGR that independently to temperature and low noise and low electromotive force To plan bandgap mention that can be successfully operated with sub 1-V supply in standard 0.35 CMOS procedure without particular procedure engineering. Problem statement When CMOS technologies enter the nano-scales epoch, the demand for battery-operated portable equipments will increase.The supply electromotive force has been scaled down from 1.8V ( in 0.18 m engineering ) to 1.2V ( in 0.13 engineering ) and will drop to merely 0.9V in the following engineering [ 2 ] .in CMOS engineering, the parasitic perpendicular bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) had been used to implement the high preciseness bandgap electromotive force references.However, the convential BGR generates a 1.25V mention voltage.Its fixed end product electromotive force limited the supply electromotive force and non suited for sub 1-V supply volateg operation.The ground why the conventional CMOS bandgap mention did non work in close 1-V supply voltage.One is that the bandgap end product electromotive force is about 1.25V [ 3 ] , which exceeds 1-V supply.The others is that the low temperature electromotive force design of the relative to absolute temperature current coevals cringle is limited by the input common-mode electromotive force of the amplifier.These two restrictions can be solved by utilizing the resistive subdivision method [ 4 ] , low threshold electromotive force device [ 5 ] , BiCMOS procedure or DTMOST [ 6 ] . But, those attacks frequently require specialised procedure and word picture which can increase fiction cost and procedure step.However, the bandgap mention working in low supply electromotive force has a higher temperature coeeficient than that of traditional bandgap reference.This resulted in the development of new temperature compensated techniques such as quadratic temperature compensation [ 7 ] , exponential temperature compensation [ 8 ] , piecewise additive curvature rectification [ 9 ] and resistance temperature compensation [ 10 ] .To implement these advanced mathematical maps with high truth, the development of the low electromotive force bandgap construction requires precision matching of current mirrors or a pre-regulated suppl y electromotive force, cascade current mirror [ 11 ] , and pre-regulated circuit are good methods to work out this problem.but the minimal supply electromotive force is tradeoff. Scope of work: A typical CMOS execution of a bandgap mention is shown in Fig. 1. The end product mention electromotive force VREF of the traditional bandgap mention circuit can be written as: Equation 1 trad bgr.bmp Figure 1: Traditional/conventional BGR circuit in CMOS engineering where A1 and A2 is the emitter countries of Q1 and Q2, and VT is thermic electromotive force. The 2nd term in ( 1 ) is relative to the absolute temperature ( PTAT ) , which is used to call off the negative temperature coefficient of VEB. Hence, if a proper ration of resistances is kept, an end product electromotive force with lowsensitivity to the temperature can be obtained. In general, the VREF is about 1.25 V, so that the conventional bandgap mention circuit can non be used in low electromotive force application, such as 1 V. Mention electromotive forces and/or currents with small dependance to temperature turn out utile in many parallel circuits. As many procedure parametric quantities vary with temperature, if a mention is temperature-independent, it is normally processindependent every bit good. If two measures with opposite temperature coefficient are added with proper weighting, the attendant measure theoretically exhibits zero temperature coefficient. The construct of the new proposed bandgap mention is that the two electromotive forces ( which are relative to VEB and VT ) are generated by merely one feedback cringle. The two-stage operational amplifier with p-channel input is used in thisnew proposed bandgap mention. The new proposed bandgap mention is shown in Fig. 2, which uses the resistive subdivision R1a, R1b, R2a and R2b to cut down the input common-mode electromotive force of the amplifier.The dimensions of PMOS devices M1 and M2 are the same.The opposition of R1a and R2a is the same, and th e resistanceof R1b and R2b is the same. Following the KCL at the nodesof V1 and V2 in Fig. 2, the mention electromotive force can be expressed as New Picture.bmp Equation 2 Where and.According to equation below: ) /R4 We can expressed equation 2.The point of Vref-conv is indistinguishable to the conventional mention electromotive force in equation ( 1 ) .In order to accomplish sub 1-V operation, the ratio of R1b/ ( R1a+R1b ) is used to scale down the mention electromotive force level.Therefore, the minimal supply electromotive force of the new proposed BGR can be efficaciously reduced to merely. The new proposed BGR mentions can operated under bomber 1V.The whole complete circuit to recognize the proposed bomber 1V BGR is shown below: New Picture ( 1 ) .bmp Figure 2: Complete circuit for new proposed Sub1V So, from the comparing above, I can clearly cognize what I will make on my ain undertaking, what my range of work.From this, i ‘ll go on the new proposed BGR design that already done but I will seek to minimise the supply electromotive force, temperature independent and noise consequence as possible so the BGR will successfully operated in sub 1-V. How to cite The Usage Of A Bandgap Reference Voltage Engineering Essay, Essay examples

X-Ray Screeners Could See X-Rated X-Rays free essay sample

Sharkey advertizes that airlines are trying to bring in X-ray units that will be able to look beyond clothing, to the outline of bare skin. This precaution is becoming effective because technology is getting more advanced. Since metal detectors can’t be as reliable as we once thought, serious measures need to be demanded. However, scientists have discovered the previous precautions of metal detectors are irrelevant due to liquid hazard that they cannot detect. This article even says, â€Å"it found that federal airport screeners using metal-detecting magnetometers did a miserable job identifying weapons concealed in carryon bags or on the bodies of undercover agents. † If airlines can’t find undercover agents hazardous weapons, what makes people think airlines should be trusted to discover hazards from terroristic attacks. This article is important because it discusses the public health, and safety. Of course airline security strives to be safe and have strict policy. We will write a custom essay sample on X-Ray Screeners Could See X-Rated X-Rays or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand we have people who believe this extent of security is an invasion of privacy. By going about these precautions, we could be disrespecting people’s values, or possibly religion. This decision is very skeptical, there is much balance on either side to become an â€Å"even trade† per say. This article was written in 2005, at the time this topic was very relevant due to the dreadful tragedy of 9-11. In the after math of 9-11 people became unsure of their safety, and quit flying. Airlines saw a 30% drop in flight activity. The airline business was also negative in thousands of dollars due to the cost of delayed airlines. The only thing to do was advance security. When going public with the idea of this X-ray, many people spoke out about their privacy being invaded, and also their loved ones. America has many laws prohibiting the nude body to even be seen, so how could this be legal? This article would be a claim to value, because there are two ideas being argued about which is most important. This article informs us about the pros and cons of X-ray scanners. Yes, they are more advanced then the previous echnology before the tragedy of 9-11 and have a high chance of detecting hazardous substances. On the other hand, they invade your privacy down to your nude body. Is it law abiding to let a security guard be able to scan your children? In our society we know of nude to be specifically sexual. Our nude bodies are something we keep to ourselves. It comes as a disgrace to some to see people reveal their bo dy to strangers, or the public. There are professions that some may engage in that are known as exotic dancing, which is the revealing of the body. In Stripped: Inside the lives of an exotic dancer, Bernadette Barton says â€Å"even though this act is legal, it breaks the rules of being a respectable lady in this society. † Being the case, would make x-ray scanning for the public against the rules of a respectable society. In this article Joe Sharkey introduced his claim very well and surprisingly neutral minded. From a readers perspective he was able to produce information in a structured and very un bias manner. This article gave a great outlook on what all comes with the production of a new security precaution. This article was very effective to the public. Being the fact that this article had no warrant, makes it easier for the public to evaluate and think critically on which claim they prefer. Also due to the fact this article had no warrant made this article informal, instead of argument based. In a closing statement, this article demonstrated many point of views on the topic. Sharkey was very productive with getting all ideas on the table, and giving them with no preference of his own. Sharkey also brought much quotation into his article, and did much research to provide the greatest accumulation of information.

Sample Personal Statement Essay Example

Sample Personal Statement Essay As an undergraduate student at the University of New Mexico I have become increasingly aware of the complex network problems that I face as a citizen of the world. I have also realized the progress and success that I enjoy in the same capacity as the frontiers of medicine, technology and communication continue to expand. My desire to participate in the resolution of those problems and in the further expansion of those frontiers had inspired me to seek a degree in biology and entrance into a School of Dentistry. I intend to successfully complete program of dentistry and further my specialization in the area of endodontics. Upon completion of my degree programs I would like to return to the southwest region of the country to make my services available to the underserved population of the area. I would also like to spend some time serving the populations of Central and South America where I could gain invaluable experience and provide the much needed services of a specialist. My desire to enter the field of dentistry has grown as I’ve participated with professional oral health care providers in the field and observed a wide range of procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Personal Statement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Personal Statement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Personal Statement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My interest in dentistry began early on as I was involved in orthodontics for eight years before undergoing corrective jaw surgery. I gained a deep appreciation and understanding of what people in need of such services are experiencing, as well as a great respect and admiration for the professionals of that field. Through the practice of dentistry I desire to have a positive supportive impact on the lives of those I serve, as I experienced in my own life through my oral healthcare providers. I also desire to be a respected, contributing member of the community, and I feel that the field of dentistry will afford me such opportunities as I participate in it. I will be successful in dental school because of my dedication to the pursuit of academic excellence and my desire to succeed. I have gained experience in public speaking through my various service and academic activities and enjoy meeting and dealing with people, which will serve me in dental school and as a professional healthcare provider. I have increased my fine motor skills and manual dexterity through my study of guitar, which will also aide me in pursuit of a DDS degree. My service as a missionary in Mexico gave me a better understanding of the world and of life as I worked with people in many different situations. I struggled and succeeded in my search for ways to serve and help people in a language, land and culture that was not my own. Those experiences have given me needed skills and attributes to become a successful servant of the community and participant in the dental community. I have repeatedly shown my determination in the environment of the university as I have faced and conquered challenges. I was able to successfully return to the university after my two-year absence and have been successful each semester since in maintaining my scholarship. I have maintain my academic standing as I take full loads of course work and hold employment outside of class as well as sustain my family. I feel that I have been able to accomplish this because of the balance I seek as I participate in the academic, spiritual, social and family spheres of my life. Essay # 2 Author Accepted for 2006 Entering Class The smell alone used to make me nauseous. I could barely get through the front door before I would feel the hair at the base of my neck stand on end. I would sit uncomfortably in the waiting room chairs praying that my mom would have a change of heart to take me back home. This was the scene each and every time I had a dental appointment. Needless to say, I feared the dentist. My memories of the dentist are not highlighted with visits to the treasure box or the joy of picking out a new toothbrush. By the time I reached this part of the dental visit, I wanted nothing to do with anything that would keep me in the office even a second more. My first exposure to dentistry, out of the chair, came when I began babysitting for a dentist. He worked on the weekends, and his daughter and I would tag along. Initially I stayed as far away from the dentist chair as possible, but later, I became curious, and gradually observant. By the time I reached high school, I was intrigued by every aspect of dentistry. The procedures quickly turned from one of torment into something more familiar. Coming from a family of engineers and contractors, I recognized the doctor’s instruments because they were similar to tools I had grown up watching my father use. I began to think of dentistry as performing small scale construction in a small hole. Performing such intricate procedures while simultaneously utilizing my mind and hands both excited me and complimented my detail attentive personality. Since my interest first peaked, I have continued towards my goal to become a dentist, not only through high academic achievement, but with life experience. I obtained my dental radiography license and worked as a dental assistant during high school and was provided with the opportunity to observe a variety of dental procedures. I also gained exposure to the additional responsibilities of a dental professional ranging from the billing process to dealing with insurance companies. I got a glimpse of the organizational skills necessary to run a small business. I continued gaining experiences upon entering college by volunteering at a dental clinic that provides free services to the homeless. My service at this clinic has strengthened my desire to become a dentist. Volunteering at the homeless dental clinic has taught me the importance of dental hygiene and how it can affect every aspect of a person’s life. Most of the homeless patients have neglected their teeth for years, and realize that they need help. It is an amazing experience to watch the transformation in a person as their teeth are fixed. For most patients, it is a long process, and their self esteem visibly increases with each visit. By the end of the treatment, some finally have the confidence to get a job, and may return to let us know of their new found success. The personal contact incorporated with dentistry is appealing as it provides the opportunity to interact with individuals of diverse ages, cultures, and backgrounds. As a student and an employee I have to realize the importance of integrity, responsibility, and hard-work. I know that in order to earn the respect and trust of my patients, I must be dependable, energetic, and professional. I must have the confidence to take on the role of authority, while as the same time be willing to follow the lead of someone else if necessary. I have equipped myself with these necessary traits to be a successful dental student and professional through my classes, employment, and extracurricular activities. Working as an administrative assistance has equipped me with communication skills, and has taught me how to efficiently organize my time. Conversing with children with a mental illness while working as a mental health technician has built my character by improving my patience and revealing the traits necessary to earn the trust of others. Leading my university’s pre-dental society as president has taught me leadership skills and how to organize a group to work together. As a native New Mexican, I realize the states vast need for dental health care professionals, and would like to contribute by returning to the state after completion of my dental degree. Becoming a dentist has been my desire throughout both high school and college, and I have worked at becoming a well-round, educated, and experienced individual to achieve this goal. I have developed a strong work ethic, which, when combined with my choice of dentistry as a profession, has been greatly enhanced by the opportunities that I have had to work in this field. I firmly believe that I have built a foundation from with I will move forward to earn my dental degree. I am determined to success, and ready to begin this challenge. Essay # 3 Author Accepted for 2006 Entering Class I can vividly recall my grandfather opening his tool shed in hopes of inspiring his five year-old grandson to create something beautiful out of pieces of wood that were old and otherwise discarded. A passion for intricate artwork has seemingly always been a part of my life. Whether it is throwing a pot on a wheel or tying flies to mimic aquatic insects for the art of fly fishing, I have always loved to create pieces of art with my hands. A true love for intricate artistic work is a necessary and an essential characteristic of a dentist. I have devoted five years to playing guitar, and it has become part of my everyday life. Great manual dexterity is required to play the guitar, and this manual dexterity bears a direct correlation to dentistry. When trying to undertake a new musical piece, the initial excitement overwhelms me and accomplishing a beautiful musical piece provides great satisfaction. Similarly, in dentistry, when a patient has a problem, the dentist will assess and treat the individual. On many occasions, I have found that the dentist is eager to start the procedure and pleased with the work and the well being of the patient. It is my belief that dentists hands not only have the power to grasp the world but the power to change it. I feel that dentistry will afford me with the opportunity to do something I love, working with my hands. The manual dexterity involved in dentistry is only a fraction of what makes the profession wonderful. To a further extent, a dentist must have a humanistic instinct to provide care to others. As a college freshman, I volunteered every weekday of my summer as a literacy leader for Americorps. While volunteering as a literacy leader 40 hours a week at Cesar Chavez Community Center, I had the privilege of mentoring and teaching young boys how to read. Spanish happened to be the childrens first language and overcoming the language barrier became easier as I immersed myself deeper into the language. Teaching these children allowed me to develop a greater understanding of people and a trusting and caring relationship with each child. For the past three years, I have been part of Healthy Smiles, Special Smiles, and Give Kids A Smile Day. These three volunteer events give opportunities for the entire dental community to work together for the sake of childrens dental healthcare and I have established that this is important to me and my character. I have had many memorable experiences from these volunteer events and they have all taught me how to be kind, gentle, and comforting to the patients. I look forward to dedicating my time to such volunteer events as a dentist. In addition to these volunteer events, I also enjoy participating in extracurricular activities such as running, lifting weights, snowboarding, reading, and fly-fishing. All of these activities help me cope with stress and give me time to see where I fit in this world. For the past year, I have been working at Starbucks as a Barista. This job has shown me people from all walks of life and has given me a better understanding of people. Many people who come into Starbucks are fascinating and I enjoy learning about their lives. The social skills obtained from this job are an invaluable asset to my character. One of my greatest accomplishments has been being an active member of the Pre-Dental Society for my entire career at the University of New Mexico. It was my pleasure to be the Vice President of the Pre-Dental Society for the past year. I am currently the President of the Pre-Dental Society and look forward to the upcoming year. These two leadership positions have enriched my public speaking ability and given me the confidence to articulate my ideas clearly. Extracurricular activities give you a time to reflect on the type of person you are and the merit of your character and this, too, is important to me. These extracurricular activities have refined me as a person and given me new and satisfying experiences. There is something unique about dentistry that draws you in the more you immerse yourself into the profession. Maybe it is the dedication to excellence or the altruism that gives you a sense of belonging. Regardless of what brought me to dentistry, I am here to stay because it is where I belong. Essay # 4 Author Accepted for 2006 Entering Class. Activities that challenged my curious mind such as solving crossword puzzles and riddles thrilled me as a child, and my love for challenges expanded into other areas as I grew older. I began playing musical instruments at the age of six, beginning with the piano and ultimately moving on to the clarinet, which I have played for the past 9 years. The clarinet allowed me to achieve greater manual dexterity through countless hours of practice, as I have trained my hands to move carefully and precisely. There is no greater feeling than that of having mastered the fingering for a particularly difficult musical piece. Similarly, it will be necessary as a dentist to devote many hours perfecting the techniques essential for providing high-quality oral healthcare and I will feel great satisfaction in doing so. Not only should good dentists acquire great manual dexterity, but they should also have excellent hand-eye coordination. While helping a PhD student conduct research using Drosophila flies, I was required to manipulate the small specimen to identify their species, sex, and size. This experience permitted me the opportunity to improve on the eye-hand coordination skills that are crucial for good dentistry. The challenges I will confront throughout my course in dental school do not daunt me, but motivate me. It has always been exciting for me to take problems and solve them using my mind and my hands. Not only has the technical difficulty of playing an instrument satisfied me, but also the sheer beauty of the art form. Music has the ability to impact the emotions of people. I see a similar opportunity in dentistry to bring joy and happiness to peoples lives. By providing a person with the appropriate treatment, a person who has a low self-esteem due to untreated dental problems can be transformed into a person who has self-confidence. As a child, I had a terrible overbite and was in dire need of an orthodontist. The result of braces was more than a corrected bite. It yielded a higher self-esteem and a greater sense of self-confidence in me. I would like to provide others with the chance to have this same experience. Shadowing in many different dental offices allowed me to realize that all forms of dentistry can have this effect on patients, whether it was crowns from a general dentist or a set of dentures from a prosthodontist. Helping people psychologically is an additional result of what is most important, which is taking care of the patients overall oral health. One of the most influential moments that lead me to pursue a career in dentistry was the day a UNM Pre-Dental Society guest speaker discussed the underserved communities in New Mexico. I was astonished to learn that all but a few counties are in dire need of dentists. From that day forward I made it my personal goal to become a dentist so that I could help the people of New Mexico. Helping people has always been a part of my life. I have always enjoyed helping classmates with schoolwork as well as spending many hours teaching my younger sisters. In the past year, I was employed as a Biology/Chemistry tutor, which allowed me to help other students succeed. I have also been able to help others through community service and volunteer work such as annual clothing donations to homeless shelters, participating in volunteer events such as Making Strides Against Breast Cancer walk, Give Kids a Smile and Special Olympics Special Smiles. These events helped me to realize that I want to continue helping people in the future. Being elected Historian of the UNM Pre-Dental Society gives me yet another way to help other students, now in their pursuit of a dental career. I would like to have the opportunity to continue helping others through dentistry. The desire to help people was instilled in me by my family. They have always encouraged me to work hard and praised me for my accomplishments. As the first person in my family who will graduate from college, I can understand the importance of family encouragement in having accomplished this goal. In the future I would like to have my own family, providing the same encouragement I was so fortunate to have as a child. I will be successful in dental school because I possess perseverance. Being determined and persistent has helped me overcome many obstacles in the paths towards many goals in my life, and these attributes will prove just as beneficial in my pursuit of a dental career. Essay # 5 Author Accepted for 2006 Entering Class My name is â€Å"name of author. † I am twenty-four years old and have graduated from the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. My studies were concentrated on Biology as my major, and Spanish as my minor. I was adopted from South Korea when I was seven months old. My family and I resided in Milwaukee, Wisconsin until I was four, then Chicago, Illinois until I was twelve. After that we lived in Glendive, Montana. I have a unique perspective of lifestyles and culture due to the diversity of the places that have shaped me and helped me become who I am today and they have defined what I want to pursue professionally, which is Dentistry. I have come to understand the importance of comparative and contrasting qualities. In Chicago, the city was the hub of civilization and in Montana the citizens relied on and lived for the land and cattle. Presently, in Albuquerque, I have come to love and appreciate the Southwest style and diverse culture. Everywhere that I have lived and traveled has taught me something new and offered irreplaceable life experiences. I chose the University of New Mexico because I wanted to be far enough away from home to be independent, and also because they offered majors in biology and dance. I was on the UNM dance team for three years. Throughout college my interests have expanded which is why I now still study Spanish as well as biology. After attending an exchange program to Trujillo, Spain, I plan to utilize the Spanish language in the dental practice. I have come to respect and love the now-thriving language in America. I plan to educate and assist people in upholding a condition of well being of every ethnicity and background. I am constantly seeking new experiences as well as responsibility and have been a resident advisor for two years and then a Student Head Resident for one year. This is my second year that I am an Area Coordinator in the residence halls. Working directly with student, faculty, staff, and peers, I know I thrive to work directly with many people in a personal setting. With the responsibilities of these occupations, I have also learned many managerial skills, which are applicable to the dental field. My family is an important aspect of my life. Since I am adopted I have learned that the value of a family is measured in love, not in bloodlines. My family has supported me in everything that I do, especially now as I apply to dental school. They have taught me trust, responsibility, respect, determination, honesty, and of course, love. With these attributes and the support from my family, I am confident in myself to further broaden and excel in the pursuit for an education in dentistry. I have been involved in a variety of activities throughout my life. These experiences have helped me to define who I am as a person and where I fit into society. Trying different activities has broadened my horizons and raised the expectation for myself. They have taught me how to learn and attempt to strive for my ultimate best. They have also taught me that trying new things is constantly a good lesson to remember throughout my life. The most important thing that I have taken from these different activities is the ability to narrow and define exactly what it is that I want to do with my life, which is working in the dental field. I started thinking about career choices while attending college; and while I have always had a passion for biology and the fact that it is the study of life, I have not had a desire to be a dentist since I was little. From my love for biology derived my compassion and drive to improve the quality of life for others. Having worked with people all my life, there is nothing I would rather do. The field of dentistry gives hope, confidence, and health to others. I want to give back to the community my erudition to better the lives for individuals and families in sustaining a soundness of body and mind. I am determined to do whatever it takes to excel in the field of Dentistry. Essay # 6 Author Accepted for 2007 Entering Class He gave me something valuable, something I could not have done for myself. That is how I felt each time I left my dentist’s office as a teenager. I wondered how the dentist must feel on the giving side of the relationship and I hoped to one day be in a profession that would allow me to help people daily in such a tangible way. As I matured and became more serious about choosing a profession during my college career, I realized that dentistry is exactly what I want to do with my life. In my preparation for a dental career, I have spent many hours observing this same dentist who inspired me years ago as he helps others maintain their dental and overall health. I clearly see the satisfaction that can be achieved by practicing dentistry. I have also been able to observe all the nine dental specialties (except radiology and pathology) seeing a wide variety of dental procedures ranging from simple fillings to more technical gingival grafts, osseous regeneration surgery, apicoectomy, veneer smile makeovers, etc. The more I see, the more eager I become to actively participate in such an exciting profession. Success in the dental field requires dedication, compassion, and the ability to work intimately and effectively with people. I am well prepared to take on this challenge. I have worked as a corporate trainer for a 500-employee quick-lube franchise in the Southwest for the past three years while completing a Bachelor of Business degree at the University of New Mexico. My professional experience continuously hones my interpersonal communication skills, public speaking skills, and leadership as I help manage a business and educate hundreds of people. As a corporate trainer, I have become more self-motivated, organized, and detail-oriented through being responsible for designing company training programs, modifying company policies, and teaching new skills to managers and employees alike. I have also developed further dedication and commitment working to provide for a family while attending classes full time and participating in other extracurricular activities. Dentists frequently tell me that managing a practice is one of the activities they struggle with the most. My business background and strong interpersonal skills will enhance my ability to succeed in dentistry. I am serving as the Vice President of the New Mexico Pre-dental Society this coming year where I can use these skills to help New Mexico produce more dentists and reduce the state’s immense shortage. As a dentist I would like to be actively involved in advancing the profession and promoting improved oral health in my underserved state and our nation. My professional experience provides a strong foundation to achieve these goals. I spent two years living in remote areas of Brazil serving an ecclesiastical mission and learning to read, write, and speak fluent Portuguese. In Brazil I witnessed the great suffering caused by poor oral health. So many teenagers had mouths full of decayed permanent teeth, which must have caused great pain and loss of self esteem. They did not even have a way to get these teeth safely extracted. Access to dental care and proper oral hygiene education could have prevented nearly all these problems. I hope to someday participate in humanitarian health care programs in Brazil and I also know that there are far too many Americans with limited access to care. I plan to serve in one of the smaller towns of New Mexico to help alleviate this great need. For the past three years I have volunteered for a program called Taxhelp New Mexico where I did free tax preparation for low income and elderly families. I love working with people and enjoy the opportunity to teach them ways to save money on taxes. They leave so grateful and I get that same feeling that I gave them something valuable they could not do for themselves. I greatly enjoy teaching others and have already started to ponder ways to educate and motivate patients to better maintain their oral health. These, and many other events, have kindled my aspirations to become a dentist and have prepared me to be successful during and after dental school. Dentistry is a perfect way to combine my affinity for business, my passion for learning the biological sciences, and my desire to teach and serve others. I am anxious to achieve my goals and consider it a privilege to be starting a career in a field that is so respectable and that gives back so much to our communities.

Butterfield v. Forrester

Butterfield v. Forrester Free Online Research Papers The social problems that society was originally trying to solve were how to equitably resolve issues of liability in negligence cases. In the case of Butterfield v. Forrester (1809), the plaintiff was injured after striking an obstruction in the roadway. The respondent while making repairs to his home put a pole across the road. The plaintiff, who had just left a public house as it neared dark, while riding his horse violently through the streets, struck the pole and was seriously injured. A witness stated that if the plaintiff had not been riding so recklessly he would have observed the pole. There was no evidence the plaintiff was intoxicated at the time. There was nothing to state what appropriate behavior was, so the judge created the reasonable man standard. The reasonable man standard states that every human has a duty to act reasonably; therefore, a reasonable man would not have obstructed the road. The respondent countersued the plaintiff for negligence for racing through an occupied area at night. The judge had to create another rule because both parties were negligent. The judge found that it was not fair for the plaintiff to receive recovery if he or she contributed to his or her own injury. The legal rule that was created to solve this problem was contributory negligence, which stated that if a plaintiff’s own negligence was a contributing cause of his injury, he was barred from recovering from a negligent respondent. The problem with this rule is that it often leads to inequitable results. For example, if a respondent is found to be ninety-nine percent negligent and the plaintiff only one percent negligent, under this rule the plaintiff is still barred from recovery. Also, if there is no punishment and no one held liable there would not be any reason to act with vigilance. Increasingly people begin to question the unfairness of this ruling and it created even more problems. The social problem that society was now faced with was trying to alleviate the harshness of the application of the contributory negligence rule, which bars recovery for the plaintiff if they were at all negligent. In the case of Davis v. Mann (1842), the plaintiff tied down his donkey’s feet to keep it from running away and the donkey was left by the side of the road. The respondent was a business owner who hired a man to deliver his beer in order to keep his costs down. The respondent’s driver was coming down in his wagon at a high speed and hit the donkey and killed it. This case introduced the respondent superior rule, which held employers liable for their employees actions. Mann countersued based on the contributory negligence rule because Davis broke the law when he tied up his donkey’s feet and left it by the road. The judge had to make a new rule, which was â€Å"the last clear chance doctrine†, which is a doctrine in the law of torts that states th at a negligent plaintiff can recover damages if they are able to show that the respondent had the last opportunity to avoid the accident. Some of the problems that emerged from this rule were that the person with the last clear chance may have only been five percent negligent and someone else contributed much more to the negligence than the person being held accountable. This was almost always the case after the Industrial Revolution The social problem that society was trying to solve was that the Industrial Revolution introduced heavy machinery and in this setting, the worker always had the last clear chance, which created instability. In the case of British Columbia Electric Railway v. Loach (1915), Benjamin Sands was driving in a wagon and drove it over a railroad track, while an oncoming train was near. His passenger jumped out. Sands was struck and killed. The train had faulty brakes which were discovered the day of the accident. If the brakes had been working, the train would have stopped. This case introduced the proximate cause rule, which is the primary cause of an injury. It’s an act from which an injury results as a natural, direct, uninterrupted consequence and without which the injury would not have occurred. The problem with this rule is that it is extremely confusing and in application hard for a jury to comprehend and handle. The social problem that society was now trying to solve is how to share liability between the plaintiff and the respondent, so that it’s fair and easy for a jury to understand. In the case of Maki v. Frelk (1968), the respondent ran a stop sign traveling at a high speed and was charged with many traffic violations. This case took place in a jurisdiction that was still using the contributory negligence rule, making Maki responsible, because he could have slowed down and prevented the accident. The Maki family asked the court to adopt the comparative negligence rule. This rule states that a plaintiffs negligence is not a complete bar to his recovery. The plaintiffs damages are reduced by whatever percentage his own fault contributed to the injury. This requires the jury to determine, by percentage, the fault of the plaintiff and respondent in causing the plaintiffs injury. For example, suppose a plaintiff is injured in a car accident and incurs one million dollars in damages. The jury determines that the plaintiff was twenty five percent responsible for the accident and that the respondent was seventy five percent responsible. The plaintiff will then be allowed to recover seventy five percent of his damages, or seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In 1931 Wisconsin adopted the comparative negligence rule and was the first to modify it. Today, twenty three states use a modified form, ten states use a pure form, and two states use a top bottom system, which states that y ou have to have a low degree of negligence and they have to have a high degree of negligence or you are barred from recovery. The goal of the civil justice system in the United States is to maintain social stability through fairness. The evolution that has taken place in the judicial system has reflected the changes in society as well as a better understanding of the civil process. Some of the early attempts seemed to always favor highly one side over the other without taking into account all of the facts. The continual tweaking of the system has given us one that appears to be equitable and relevant for the times. As society, technology, and the environment change so should the policies that govern it. Even though the early rulings didn’t appear to be impartial they set the precedents for the existing system which is fair and functional. Research Papers on Butterfield v. ForresterUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

A Teen Author Success Story - Interview With Anna Caltabiano

A Teen Author Success Story - Interview With Anna Caltabiano A Refreshing Teen Author Success Story - Interviewing Anna Caltabiano While the good folks of the â€Å"publishing industry† are discussing trends, numbers, and predictions over at the DBW conference, we thought we would give the readers of the Reedsy blog a sneak peek of what the future could actually hold.Today, we interview Anna Caltabiano, a rising teen author who self-published her first novel, All that is Red at the age of 14. She did things her own way because she didn’t know how a book was supposed to be written or published. And guess what? She nailed it. She now has a three-book deal with Hachette, and published the first of those last year.Whatever the future of publishing is, authors will always be at its core. And It is today’s teen author community that will ultimately shape it, a community we don’t know too well†¦Hi Anna, great to have you here. I loved reading your story in The Guardian, particularly because, as a young author, you offer a fresh view on writing and publishing.  Is there something, in y our opinion, that characterises a â€Å"teen author†? Something you, for example, would do very differently from your elder peers?Thanks for having me on the Reedsy blog! One of the things I love the most about being an author my age is that I don’t have to look back on my teenage years to write from that perspective. Adults can look back on their experiences and give advice they wish they had heard when they were our age. Though I’m too young to do that quite yet, I can talk about things as I experience them- the good, the bad, and the plain messy.You said you did things â€Å"your own way† for your first novel, because you didn’t know how you were supposed to do them. Now that you’ve been through the â€Å"traditional† process (signing with a publisher), which â€Å"way† do you prefer? What have been, so far, the pros and cons of having a publisher?At their core, both traditional and self-publishing are actually very similar. Though it sounds obvious, most of the effort is in actually writing the book. The other essential common ingredient of both approaches is that turning a raw story into a finished novel requires seeking out and learning from a network of editors, cover artists, publicists, and proof readers. In a traditional publisher, the network is, for the most part, â€Å"in house,† while in self-publishing, you must take the initiative to create your own network. Both paths are exciting journeys.Usually, when you start from nothing, with no knowledge, and have to learn on your own and do things â€Å"your own way†, you actually end up discovering a smarter way to do it (that’s often how startups are born). Does that apply in your case? Have you done some particularly innovative things that have sparked your success?When I started my writing journey, I clearly did not know anything. I trolled the internet to learn what I could, but I also found experienced writers, publisher s, and various people in the book business who were willing to share their experience and give advice. There are so many â€Å"how-to† books, and so much â€Å"established wisdom† in this industry, but in the end the right path to writing and publishing is not the same for everyone. For example, I live in Northern California, but my initial breakthroughs have tended to come from London, and then later migrating to the US. I am not sure why, but it could be that my writing style and subject matter is closer to English tastes, or it could be that simply through chance, I happened to first find people that believed in my writing in England.You have a three-book deal with your current publisher. But do you see yourself going back to self-publishing after that? Or become a fully hybrid author?It’s really exciting! As for the future, it’s hard to tell even what type of novels I will be working on. I think the most important thing is to work with a team thatâ₠¬â„¢s as excited as you are to tell the story you want to tell, whether that leads you to self-publishing or traditional publishing.How did you self-publish? Did you basically replicate the steps of traditional publishing, hiring several editors and a cover artist?As I mentioned, the basic steps in writing a novel are quite simple, and the same whether done through a traditional publisher or self-publishing. You have to write the novel, go through a very extensive editing process to make the novel as good as possible, make sure that it is carefully proof read, and design an attractive cover. I found great people to help me in all of these areas, but also did much of it myself, so I felt a huge sense of accomplishment when it was all done. When I moved on to traditional publishers for my trilogy, I found I was actually more experienced in all of these aspects of creating a novel because I had to directly manage and participate so deeply in all aspects during the publishing process of my first book.You wrote most of your first novel on your iPad, with some bits of dialogue on your iPhone (texting yourself). This actually reminded me of some  Japanese novels that were written in SMS in the 2000s. We often hear that the future of content consumption is mobile, do you think the future of long-form writing can also be mobile?Definitely! As a reader, when I’m in the middle of a good book and I can’t wait to get home to finish the rest of it, I’ll download a copy on my phone to finish it during a break at school or in line at lunch. For the longest time, my dad thought I was crazy, but even he has started reading poetry on his phone.When I’m writing, I’ll have a quick idea I’ll want to write down before I forget. This often leads to me writing a scene or an entire chapter on my phone. Writing and reading can both be mobile. Whatever feels comfortable. There’s no wrong way to do either.How do you go about the writing p rocess? Do you first plot, outline and define the structure? Or do you dive straight into it?  Though every book is a bit different, I tend to be an outliner. I’ll start with a few characters in mind, and a mental image of what I want the end of the book to leave the reader with. I’ll write starting from the beginning of the story, following my outline, but inevitably my story veers off into an unexpected direction and I change my outline to follow it.You have a particularly awesome website in terms of design. At Reedsy, we have a particular focus (like most startups out there) on design, as we believe it is going to play a much more important role in the future of internet. Is that a belief you share?Thank you! I think design needs to be two things: nice to look at and easy to use. With the internet, I think we’re now more accustomed to everything being at our fingertips. Being user-friendly is a given. In our current world, I think the way to stand out from the pack is to create something visually attractive that draws in the user.Many authors, even established ones, still really struggle with social media. Teen authors have the chance to have grown up with those, understand them, etc. Do you think it is possible to be a successful author today without having a strong social media presence? Would you have any tips for other authors for that?Social media helps me connect with my readers. I hear first hand what they liked or didn’t like about my latest story, and I find myself taking that into account when I’m writing my next work. Though I’ve grown up with social media and almost everyone I know uses some form of it, I still find social media challenging at times. It can be hard to find a balance between maintaining some amount of privacy and being â€Å"with it† in terms of social media use. My biggest tip is to try to show your best self on social media, rather than try to promote your book. People follow y ou on Twitter and Facebook to learn more about you and to hopefully interact with you. If they wanted to read a summary of your book, they would look elsewhere.Finally, because it’s that time in the year, what do you wish for yourself in 2015? And for the publishing industry as a whole?That’s a hard question! With the upcoming adventure of publishing two books this summer in two different countries and finally graduating high school, I know I’ll be learning and doing a lot of new things. I hope I’ll be able to use what I’ve learned in 2014 and apply some of that this coming year. As for the publishing industry, I hope it keeps taking new changes in stride, as everything needs to continue to evolve to stay with the times.Thanks a lot for your time, Anna!You can find Anna and Reedsy on Twitter:  @caltabiano_anna  and @ReedsyHQCredit for the Japanese cell phone novel photograph goes to Tyler ShoresDo you, too, think that indie and traditional publ ishing are actually pretty much similar? Or that the future of writing is mobile? Do leave us your opinion, or any question for Anna, in the comments below!

Service Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Service Management - Essay Example Nevertheless, there are numerous challenges experienced by the company and very often their customers are looking for services from other container-based shipping industry companies. In order to become a competitive rivalry for other shipping companies, COSCO is focused on service strategy improvement. China positions itself as the largest international company, providing with their services 75% of international cargo volume. COSCO in XXI century â€Å"will focus on providing differentiated and value-added services to acquire long-term contracts and life-long customers. As alliances and mergers have become a major part of the international shipping industry, we (COSCO) will co-operate closely with our partners. We aim to be a world-class global shipping service provider, in the near future, with high efficiency and high quality service† (China Cosco Holdings Confident on Recovery in Container Rates, 2010). Therefore, COSCO positions it as the world’s leading shipping in dustry company, which is able to provide its customer with efficient, high quality services. The Company contributes much for financial and technological development of the company. Thus, it should be noted that COSCO is concerned about improvements of infrastructure of the Company, development of strategies, which refer to the modern needs of the international society and the newest tendencies in the shipping industry. Starting from 2002 the country is able to offer to the clients â€Å"a comprehensive package of ocean shipping services with fleets covering a wider range from traditional bulk tonnages to more value-added ones such as post-panamax container vessel, heavy-lift ship, LNG carrier and so on† (China COSCO 2010). Value-added services and life-long customers are of great importance for COSCO. The main challenge for the company occurs, when potential clients find out that to reach Shanghai from Chongqing takes about 900 miles. Thus, shipping goods from Chongqing to S hanghai takes too much time. The Company tries to deal with this problem in spite of the fact that rail system of China is fragmented. Moreover, potential international clients are scared off by challenging import-export documentation: it takes too much time at the customs. Licensing and trade challenges in China can be facilitated by WTO. Thus, service challenge should be solved within the company and nationally. To repair roads in the country and improve roads in the ports is on behalf of the Chinese government. COSCO should work hard in order investors wanted to support the Company. â€Å"Green protectionism policy† is of high relevance in the world. Therefore, COSCO is focused on environmentally friendly shipping services. Potential clients are interested in COSCO’s post-crisis measures, because sub-prime crisis special study team in COSCO enabled the Company to recover as soon as possible. An innovation of the Company, such as tariff decrease for ASEAN countries f rom 9.8 percent to 0.1 percent is rather attractive for the international partners (China, Korea Aid for Shipping Industry May Prolong Rates Slump, 2009). Out of 4 million of TEUs globally, many countries are estranged from container-based shipping services. COSCO and its subsidiaries have more than 120 ports in 40 countries. The sustainability of the Company is provided by logistics. There is a shift from passive service to active service. Starting from 2010 the Company implements TCSS, system, which considers customer’

Answers to Essay Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answers to Essay Questions - Assignment Example Although economic prosperity was the main motivation behind the move to the West, Native Americans actually suffered deeply during the process due to the struggle with the settlers. After the Civil War, Native Americans confronted a growing wave of settlers, who represented various social classes, including prospectors, ranchers, and farm families (Lincoln, 1997). One of the main problems at that time was that the newcomers brought with them many new diseases that ravaged the tribes. In addition, settlers damaged the Native American economy in many ways, such as by killing off the buffalo, which was one of the main economic resources of Native Americans. Consequently, Native Americans decided to defend their lands and their ways of life against the oncoming settlers. They were engaged in fierce battles during the 1860s and 1870s (Lincoln, 1997). However, lack of resources and spread of diseases led to sharp decreases of the population and power of the tribes. Hence, new settlers succ eeded in stabilizing their existence in Western territories, mainly in Oklahoma, Wyoming, and the Dakotas, challenging the traditional Native American way of life. In this context, it has to be stated that railroads played a major role in the development of the region during that time. Essentially, building of the railroads spurred western settlement, as in 1862, Congress gave permission to the construction of two main railroads to link the Midwest and the West Coast. Those two main railroads are The Union Pacific Railroad, which extended westward from Nebraska; and the Central Pacific Railroad, which went eastward from the Pacific Ocean (Lincoln, 1997). These two railroads met at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869, signifying a new era in Western history. Indeed, the expansion of railroads was strongly encouraged by Federal and state governments. This sincere belief in the extreme economic importance of railroads pushed Congress to authorize the building of the transcontinental railr oad in 1862, although this authorization let them agree to loan hundreds of millions of dollars to the two corporations to construct it. In addition, Congress agreed also to give the railroad companies millions of acres of Western land, which the railroads sold to repay their loans. In that sense, many historians argue that such major railroad companies, with the federal support they got, were the actual colonizers of the West (Lincoln, 1997). To visualize the role of railroads in encouraging migration to the West, it is important to refer to the fact that railroads provided free trips to the West and offered long-term loans to settlers. Hence, it can be concluded that railroads played significant roles in the process of settlers’ migration to the West after the civil war. American foreign policy prior to World War I led it to acquire overseas territory, build the Panama Canal, and police Latin America. How did these events come about? What justifications did Americans use fo r these actions? Were these actions justifiable? Prior to World War I, the United States pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism, acquiring overseas territories and extending its political and economic influence around the globe. Historically, the United States