New Student Photo Series 2011 Edition COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 Edition COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I do not have a bucket list, but if I did one thing on it would be to take a photography class. I have always enjoyed taking photos, including the old days when you had to wait to see your pictures because there was film that needed to be processed. I remember my monthly ritual of when I lived in Korea.   Once a month I would develop photos to send home to my family.   There was no Internet and unlike today you could not snap a photo with your smart phone and deliver it to anyone in the world within a matter of seconds.   And yes, the walk to the photo lab was uphill both ways too, in a driving monsoon or snowstorm depending on the season. Each year students from close to 100 different countries enroll at SIPA.   For the past few years we have encouraged new students to submit pictures for publishing on the blog and it has been a great success.   New students, now is your time.   You may submit photos of anything you wish.   Travel photos, artistic photos, event photos, photos of yourself . . . anything you wish to share. I will then post them to this blog for all to enjoy. I have Photoshop so I can re-size the photos as necessary so you dont have to worry about size.   We typically post 2-3 photos per student so I would say the maximum number to send along for consideration would be five. To participate simply send along your photos as attachments to this address: sipa_new@columbia.edu. Do note that it can take a while for us to post them so we appreciate your patience. Please include the following when submitted your pictures: Your Name Your Degree Program (MIA, MPA, MPA-DP) Where the photo was taken A brief description of the photo Ill get the process started with a few of my own. This photo was taken in the summer of 1994 in Pusan, South Korea. I liked the juxtaposition of the modern, plastic, corporate icon Ronald McDonald and the older gentleman in traditional Korea garb. This picture was taken in the 50th Street Subway station of the A-C-E line in Manhattan in October of 2004. For a period of months I did a series on discarded coffee cups around the city. I entitled this one, Separation Anxiety. My wife and I recently visited Venice and this was a shot taken from the water bus the night we arrived Venice is magical both day and night. Hopefully this gives incoming students out there some inspiration and I look forward to receiving your photos so I can post them to the blog for all to see. Once again, send them to sipa_new@columbia.edu with the details listed above.

The Internet, is it a privilege or a necessity - 700 Words

The Internet, is it a privilege or a necessity? Dyson contends that there is an unequal access to computers because the computer and software industries are being forced to â€Å"upgrade their products constantly and new products remain out of the reach of the poor.† (Dyson, 1997) Barbour’s article simply states, â€Å"once we allow technology to define the good life, we have excluded many important human values from consideration.† (Barbour, 1993) The Internet, is it a privilege or a necessity? For my generation, the internet is a privilege because when I was younger, I did not have access to a computer or internet. For today’s generation, the internet is more of a necessity. It is necessary not only for researching and gathering†¦show more content†¦The State of Washington has developed an internet application system and â€Å"is crucial to fulfilling one of the Departments highest priority goals of having high quality, diverse and available job candidates ready for managers to hire in the shortest time possible.† (Bingham, Ilg, Davidson, 2002) The social injustice in this is that many people are being passed over for jobs because they simply do not have access to the internet. Filling out a job application and hand delivering it to the business you are applying to be less likely to happen nowadays. When my daughter was looking for her first job, she would walk into the business and the managers w ould tell her to go online to fill out an application. The job market is less personable which is maybe the reason why people are getting hired who are less than friendly and customer service in many businesses is less than stellar. The internet â€Å"is becoming our map and our clock, our printing press and our typewriter, out calculator and our telephone, and our radio and TV.† (Winston Edelbach, 2014, p. 278) According to Tamara Bonn, a local high school mathematics teacher, many of her students do not know how to tell time from a clock on the wall because it is not digital and not many of her students have watches. It is hard to find an actual city map because one can look on their GPS to get drivingShow MoreRelatedPrivilege Or A Necessity : The Internet896 Words   |  4 Pages Privilege or a necessity: The Internet. Do you believe that the internet is a privilege or a necessity? How would you feel if the internet didn’t exist? Many believe that it should be either a human right or a civil right. Although these may sound the same or similar, there is a huge difference between them and also a different meaning between the two. According to HG.org Human rights is defined as ‘’ generally thought as fundamental rights. They include the right to life, education, free expressionRead MoreThe Development Of Creative Thinking Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesreconsidering of the very concept of education because of the development of digital age, multitasking society, the influence of the Internet. Also, the author insists on the development of such qualities as initiative, mobility, flexibility, the need for self-development, readiness for unconventional and creative solutions. In this regard, the objective necessity becomes the application of modern educational technologies to not onl y transmit knowledge but also to shape students ability to acquireRead MoreRisk Assessment : Ethical And Operational And Control Systems Of The Clinical Organization Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagescardiologists have continual access to the patient records to keep away from loss of life. Risk assessment approach: Risk evaluation method is used to report and plan the method that’s had to design a catastrophe recuperation plan that meets the necessities of the organization. †¢ perceive the dangers and vulnerabilities. †¢ Determine which a part of the enterprise is harmed if a threat causes harm. †¢ Evaluate the effect of the risk and the counter measures to be taken. †¢ Record and document the findingRead MoreCell Phone Addiction and Face to Face Conversation1050 Words   |  4 Pagespeople have a significant issue with not being able to disengage from their cell phone. So-called â€Å"smart phones,† which combine functionality of an organizer, browsing the Internet, playing tunes, and taking pictures, only worsen the reliance on one’s cell phone. Cell phones are no longer just a privilege but now have become a necessity. While using such devices for everyday tasks, work, and socializing with friends and family is perfectly normal, not being able to put them down while engaged in a conversationRead MorePolice Data Published By The Daily Mail On The Internet954 Words   |  4 PagesPolice data published by the Daily Mail on the Internet, provides evidence suggesting that one crime is committed every five seconds in the United States of America. Resulting in seventeen thousand two hundred eight crimes per day. This shocking num ber evidently demonstrates that on average too many crimes are committed everyday, and while this data is a reliable source that can be relied on to give people an idea of how many crimes are committed everyday on average; it fails in informing us on theRead MoreThe Future Of Affiliate Partner Marketing1558 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational profile. For the most part, access to the Internet and other technological devices like smartphones, tablets, and laptops are no longer privileges of the lucky few but necessities that a very large portion of the global population now possess. Globalization and digitalization are now two irreversibly and intricately interconnected forces. In other words, more people in more places around the world now have more and more access to the Internet, which means that your business?s online and globalRead MoreFacebook and Social Media Addiction938 Words   |  4 Pagesher mom noticed†¦ Sarah was crying over an electronic device. At that point sh e understood that her daughter was falling into the deep, dark hole of social media addiction. Why are social sites like a drug to some people? Is it normal to use the Internet a lot? What really makes a person addicted to a social media site? To answer these crucial questions, one must understand completely what an addiction is. Contrary to popular belief, it’s not only drug, alcohol and sex related but is defined as theRead MoreThe New Features Of Windows Server 20121308 Words   |  6 Pagesthere will not be many restrictions in place due to the fact the organization is an advertising firm and need access to more than likely a wide variety of applications. All users accounts will have basic user privileges and access besides the IT department which will have administrator privileges on their accounts. Password and account policies in place will include 10 length character passwords to include 2 uppercase and special symbols, the user will be required to change their password every 120Read More(Persuasive Speech) City-Wide Wifi1557 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation r elies on technology so much in our new generation,a free public WiFi could be very beneficial to our society. Thesis: Because our world is more technology based than ever, city WiFi will be easier than any other way of connecting to the Internet. --- #1 Attention-getting topic sentence: Free public wifi has the potential to bring society to a whole new level of sophistication. Analysis: People could communicate freely and without data-lag. Business owners could communicate withRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Society869 Words   |  4 Pagescomes with a price--a $4.99 per month subscription fee to have the privilege of using the payment method. It s powered by MasterCard, so it s basically a prepaid MasterCard, but with a high monthly fee, and it is legit. Although, the MasterCard Company charges a fee of $4.99, I believe this fee is the cost for convenience during any purchase, and the security decreases for someone to steal our identity. The rapid growth of the internet worldwide in the early 1990’s sparked a technological revolution

Want to Know More About Ielts Essay Introduction Samples?

Want to Know More About Ielts Essay Introduction Samples? Top Choices of Ielts Essay Introduction Samples If you practice enough, introductions will wind up easy and you'll do them in only a couple of minutes. When it has to do with writing an overall statement, the very first sentence in an introductory paragraph ought to be an extremely general comment about the matter. Understanding Ielts Essay Introduction Samples The introduction must connect with the remainder of the essay. An excellent introduction is the thing that makes people wish to read your essay. Possessing a well-written introduction is essential to a thriving essay. It tells the examiner which you've understood the question and will result in a very clear and coherent essay. The introduction is the initial portion of the essay the examiner will read and it'll give them a decent first impression of what things to expect in the remaining portion of the essay. Within this introductory lesson you will locate some guidance regarding how you should write an IELTS essay. Students often ask about what's the aim of the introduction in an essay. A self-introduction essay is, in most circumstances, written employing the first-person standpoint. For instance, you could be requested to present your opinion on an issue, and after that go over the advantages or disadvantages of it. These particular questions take a different approach to opinion essays as you have to go over both sides rather than just argue in favour of a single side. Try out this opinion essay question about the price of space exploration. The Secret to Ielts Essay Introduction Samples You can begin with your outline and get to the whole paper writing. The thesis statement is quite much like the title. The essay is all about the advantages and drawbacks of IT, so these will have to be discussed in distinct paragraphs. A well-structured essay has a superior introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect with each other, and a great conclusion. Some facets of celebrity culture have a poor influence on young individuals. You may use the samples as a foundation for working out how to write in the appropriate style. First, the essay will talk about the value of parental involvement during childhood and second, the essay will appear at the significance of experiencing a part-time job during childhood. In the event you're unhappy with the work you are able to secure the job revised free of charge. The Basic Facts of Ielts Essay Introduction Samples Try to remember that you're supposed to answer the question not write generally about the subj ect. This post will allow you to overcome these problems and offer you a sample answer. The topic doesn't have to be in the very first sentence, but nevertheless, it needs to be made clear somewhere in the introduction. Start with a fast brain-storm about the subject. Outline how you plan to answer the question This is a really significant part the introduction. Keep it brief and make sure it's directly about the question. In Task 2, don't forget that it is possible to write about other people's ideas too. You might want to include 1 sentence addressing the reason why this problem is interesting or important, and to whom. Ielts Essay Introduction Samples - Is it a Scam? Essays, however, may need a little more courage at the start, but as you're already here hunting for information, why not to begin with practice too. All the info is from the question, but it's been written in a different way and has not yet been copied. By varying your vocabulary this way you're demonstrating that you have a vast vocabulary, which will enhance your band score. There are then more lessons on these pages for various kinds of essay and unique questions, with a lot of suggestions and strategies for achieving a high score. If you use this structure you won' t only score higher marks but you'll also save time in the exam. It is a good idea to paraphrase but you will lower your band score in case you have too many errors.

Discussion. Digital Nation Free Essays

Students felt that computing class is less boring than original classes. Also, young students can learn what netiquette is. Another example was ‘Bubby cooks’. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion. Digital Nation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through her story, I could find that humans culture can adopted into technical environment by social services such as twitter, Youth, and personal blobs. 2) Is customizing the message and targeting resources tailored around consumer preferences and habits a good thing? An efficient use of resources? Dealt nations customize each consumer because many business people try to close to consumers by virtual systems. Virtual systems are a kind of online space. Through the virtual systems, people can imagine their commercial goals and create new situations. Also, they can discover diverse unique situations such as crisis markets. For example, according to World Dairy Expo sass, â€Å"Technology has made deep inroads into the world of dairy farming, helping manage day-to-day chores and collecting and analyzing the large batches of data a herd of cattle generates daily’ (Acrobat 42). It means that digital and technical life influences not only consumers but also many companies. The reason is that many companies can find products and services which have more benefits for their consumers. Also the consumers can satisfy their consumption and the companies, and they believe digital data that Is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial Information to humans’ life. Although the data and Information sometimes give negative parts, the parts also become a kind of digital life where modern people lives in. Reference Hill, Elizabeth. â€Å"Big Dairy Enters The Era of Big Data. † Bloomberg Businesslike 22 October 2012: 41-42 print. Discussion. Digital Nation By alleviators 1) In today’s technological immersion environment, do you think the good side of it Technological environment is very powerful and complicated to people. The reason is that some people think digital life gives positive and good affections, but Digital nations customize each consumer because many business people try to data that is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial information to humans’ life. How to cite Discussion. Digital Nation, Papers

The Similarities And Differences Between Twains The Adventures Of Tom

The similarities and differences between Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are two novels that focus on the lives of two different young men living in the same town. Both young men are the main characters of each novel. Tom's character was based much on the life of the author Mark Twain. Both lost their mother at a young age and both were too smart for their own good. The novels are similar and different in many ways. One way that they are similar are the titles. Both titles give us an idea that the book is about two different boy's adventure. Another way is their faith both boys reject religion. Huck reason is that when he prayed for what he wanted, he didn't get anything so he thinks Christian faith and praying is pointless. Both boys personalities are very different practically opposites. Tom is a very unpredictable, uncooperative, and lazy child with a carefree attitude who gets a thrill out of fighting and playing. He is very intelligent for his age even though he smoked. He's a mischievous child who lives by the quote "Work consists of whatever a body is obliged to do, and that play consists of whatever a body is not obliged to do " if there's something wrong to be done he's going to be doing it. Deep down inside is a boy who has a very low self esteem and trys to hide it. Tom feels unloved even though he has a family and whenever he feels unloved he imagines his own funeral and questions his existence. Probably that's the reason why he a troubled child he doesn't feel that he's living for any good reason, so he might as well be bad. Huck is given the title of being an outcast in the town. He has no family and feels very isolated. Even though he's not very smart, he's a logical thinker who believes in what he sees. Huck is very fearful of superstition and gullible. When he encounters an event that he believes his superstitious he thinks to the future and will happen to him will it be good or bad. Tom lives day to day.

Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Example

Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Example Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Under Gorbachev nationalism proved an unstoppable force that precipitated the collapse of the Soviet Union. Nationalism had always existed across the Union but it was allowed to surface and become a problem under Gorbachev predominantly because of his tactical mistakes and because of his reform programme. Nationalism became an unstoppable force because of the deprivation in many Soviet republics. The economic reforms of perestroika were designed to rejuvenate the weak Soviet economy and put it on par with western economies. However, McCauley wrote that economically, perestroika was an abject failure resulting in economic decline, shortages, large budget deficits and rising inflation (1998, 265). By 1990 the economy was in such a poor state that many people in the republics argued that greater autonomy or independence was necessary to protect their economies from collapsing (Walker, 1993, 182). Economic reforms continually failed to give the republics either ownership or managerial control over natural resources or fixed assets on their territory. Yeltsin, who was a popular nationalist campaigner, often complained that even Russia owned just fifteen percent of its resources in 1990 because they were largely controlled by the Soviet Union (Walker, 1993, 178). As perestroika developed, there was a growing belief that the only way to reform the economy was to move away from the centrally planned economy and rely more on market mechanisms. These reforms seriously damaged the Soviet Union because it was taken for granted that state property was the bedrock of a socialist system (McCauley, 1992, 91). The CPSU was legitimised by the fact it was leading the Soviet Union forward to socialism but the economic reforms were clearly not socialist. The existence of the Soviet Union relied on the legitimacy of the CPSU, which was now rendered illegitimate by economic reforms. McCauley wrote, the CPSU was the institution which provided the glue which kept the whole system together. No alternative institution was set up to replace it. One of Gorbachevs failures was that whereas he destroyed the old system, he did not put a new one in its place (1998, 269). Without legitimacy it was almost impossible for the CPSU to hold the Soviet Union together, when there were strong nationalist movements in the republics, who derived legitimacy from popular support. Gorbachev attempted to give the CPSU a new basis of legitimacy in the form of electoral accountability. However the elections were a success for nationalist movements and only consolidated their position and authority shifted further from the centre to the republics. The newly elected republican legislatures claimed greater legitimacy because they were more representative and so refused to be subordinate to federal power (Walker, 1993, 179). The elections boosted the confidence of the nationalist movement and many became increasingly radical. For example, a war of laws began. Republican legislatures changed many federal policies and laws and refused to implement federal orders unless they would benefit the republic (Walker, 1993, 181). Glasnost was a key part of Gorbachevs reforms. In Russian, glasnost literally means openness and Gorbachev believed that a relaxation of censorship and oppression was needed so vital new ideas could come forward to benefit the Soviet Union. However, glasnost contributed greatly to the collapse of the Soviet Union because it unleashed nationalist forces. Firstly, this is because, people were finally shown the ills of the Soviet Union. Walker wrote the mediawhich had always painted a rosy picture of society, began to fill up with horror stories (1993, 137). Terrible stories about the actions of Lenin and Stalin were released and investigative journalists such as young televisions producer Nerzorov, revealed the dire situation the Soviet Union was currently in (McCauley, 1992, 101). Secondly, glasnost removed cultural oppression and allowed nationalist feelings that had always existed to emerge. Across the Soviet Union there was enormous cultural diversity and only a weak common identity. People were finally allowed to say that they wanted their state to be based on a cultural community and that people of the same community should rule it, which fundamentally undermined the idea of the Soviet Union ruled by the CPSU from Moscow (Sakwa, 1998, 279). People were able to organise themselves into nationalist movements and put strong collective pressure on the Soviet Union (Daniels, 1993, 125). Thirdly, the Congress of 1989 dealt a huge blow to the Soviet Union because it gave nationalist tensions an incredibly public platform. This would not have been possible before glasnost. McCauley wrote the old practice of an official line, carefully agreed speeches, and unanimous approval were gone forever (1992, 101). The arguments highlighted how fragmentation of the Soviet Union and the problems with it. The Congress was extremely significant because the Soviet public paid so much attention. Kiernan wrote the nation sat virtually hypnotised in front of its televisions as an unprecedented political spectacle was played out daily (1993, 218). Nationalism and resentment of the Soviet Union was compounded by a series of outbreaks of violence, which ended in Soviet troops killing people in the republics. Gorbachev was indirectly responsible for the killing in Baku, Tbilisi, and Vilinius. He advocated the violence but was shocked at the loss of life (McCauley, 1998, 274). These incidents could not just be swept under the carpet with glasnost. It was clear that Gorbachev had lost control in an unprecedented way for a General Secretary of the CPSU. This strengthened nationalist feeling because people started to seek a new coherent leadership and people were no longer as afraid of defying Gorbachev. This is exemplified by the Gorbachevs swing to the right in the summer of 1990 to consolidate his position (Walker, 1993, 183). Gorbachev made numerous enemies because of his reforms, or by replacing people in power, such as members of the Politburo and the Secretariat. He was continuously attacked and criticised to the point that a coup was staged in 1991 (McCauley, 1998, 92). Many of the people Gorbachev alienated also expressed their dislike by supporting nationalist movements (for example, Yeltsin). They knew that if they destabilised the Soviet Union they would weaken Gorbachevs position. There were external factors that gave rise to nationalism in the Gorbachev era. Firstly, many western states, including most importantly the USA, helped nationalist movements gain greater influence by giving them resources. For example, nationalist movements in the Baltic covertly received printing presses from the USA to enable them to mass produce their nationalist newspapers and pamphlets. Secondly, the new freedoms allowed under glasnost allowed the Soviet public to see that life was far better in the mixed economies of the West. Nationalism became more popular as people in the Soviet republics lost faith in the Union and felt that they could have a better standard of living if they were self-determined (Sakwa, 1998, 288). Finally, it is even alleged that Reagan started a new arms race with a renewed military build-up in the 1980s because he knew that the Soviet economy was weak and could collapse under the strain. This would have added to the deprivation in the republics and sti mulated nationalism (Heywood, 1997, 148). One of Gorbachevs biggest failures as Soviet leader was to almost ignore the national question. He embarked on a massive programme of economic and political reform but failed to address the significant impact this would have on the federal structure of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev failed to appease nationalist with concession and so radicalised them. Initially most nationalists called for greater freedoms, however, when Gorbachev failed to listen to their calls they moved towards wanting secession (Walker, 1993, 174-5). Nationalist movement across the republics of the Soviet Union were very different. They varied greatly in the tactics they employed and the pace at which they moved. This is demonstrated by the numerous differences between nationalists in the Baltic and Central Asia. Nationalist movements in the Baltic tended to be more radical than in Central Asia. It was Baltic nationalists that first challenged the authority of the Soviet Union with declarations of sovereignty. They were the first to discuss secession and the first to secede (Daniels, 1993, 126). Baltic nationalists were also far more protective of their ethnic identity and against, what they saw as, Russian imperialism. Daniels wrote in the extreme case, to protect their ethnic identity, the Baltic republics have tried to deny equal rights of citizenship to Russians and others who may actually have been born there and lived there all their lives (1993, 135). The radicalism in the Baltic republics is understandable in the light of the fact they were only incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940 as a result of the Nazi-Soviet Pact (Walker, 1993, 117). In the 1980s, people in the Baltic could still remember the Soviets colluding with the Nazis and treating their nation like a commodity. This is very different to Central Asia, where many of the Soviet states had been part of a Russian-centred empire for at least one-hundred years (Daniels, 1993, 135). Central Asian republics also benefited economically from being in the Soviet Union. They tended to have weak economies and received a net inwards flow of resources as a result of being part of the Union (Walker, 1993, 180). The opposite is the case in the Baltic republics because they were some of the richest and most developed in the Soviet Union. Their bitterness at being part of the Soviet Union was compounded by the net outflow of resources (Muiznieks, 1995, 21). Nationalist movements in Central Asia did not have the ambition or the scope of those in the Baltic republics. They tended to be more concerned with local projects that directly influenced them, whereas the Baltic republics became the battleground over the fate of the Soviet Union. Muiznieks wrote nationalist movements in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania not only destroyed the structures of Soviet power in their own republics, but exported their revolutions to other areas of the Union as well (1995, 3). This is because nationalist movements in the Baltic believed that their interests would be best served by helping unleash nationalism across the Soviet Union. They also were driven by ideology to a greater extent than nationalist movements in Central Asia. The movements in the Baltic were committed to the belief that peoples should have the right to self-determination. They attempted to find allies in other Soviet republics and if they could not find some they would proactively try to cr eate some. They did this by stirring up nationalist agitation with the numerous publications and radio stations they established. Once nationalist feeling had grown, prominent activists were often sent out to help nationalist movements grow by offering practical assistance (Muiznieks, 1995, 7-8). Even if nationalist movements across the Soviet Union did not directly collude with those in the Baltic republics, there are numerous instances (for example Belorussia, Moldavia and the Ukraine) of movements importing the methods and goals of Baltic movements (Muiznieks, 1995, 11). The Baltic movements were also very influential because the Baltic was the most westernised part of the Soviet Union and managed to maintain some links with the West, and therefore contact with or emulation of the Balts might have been perceived as enhancing ones own western orientation (Muiznieks, 1995, 20). Nationalist movements in Central Asia were not as influential as those in the Baltic because they concentrated more on local disputes. They did not provide a model that was compatible with many of the republics of the Soviet Union because they were predominantly Islamic. Some animosity existed with the Christian majority across the Soviet Union. The model provided by movements in Central Asia was also much less appealing because of the violence and involvement of the Soviet military. In comparison the Baltic model was much less dangerous (Muiznieks, 1995, 20-1). In conclusion, Gorbachevs reforms, primarily perestroika and glasnost, proved to be an absolute disaster for the Soviet Union because they compounded nationalist feeling and allowed it to be expressed openly. Gorbachev crucially failed to address the national question although he had unleashed. By the time he had realised there was a serious problem, he no longer had the power to rectify the situation. Therefore, it is fair to blame Gorbachev for letting nationalism become an unstoppable force.

3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension

3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension 3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension 3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, the statement’s wording or syntax problematically interferes with reader comprehension. Discussion and revision of each example points the way to a clear solution. 1. He exchanged greetings with leaders from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. This sentence implies that Afghanistan and Zimbabwe are names of leaders, because the writer is trying to use from both on its own and as part of a â€Å"from . . . to† range. For the statement to make sense, the category of which the two names are examples must be specified, preceded by a preposition linking leaders with that word: â€Å"He exchanged greetings with leaders of countries ranging from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.† 2. Focusing on H1-B visa reform has caught the technology industry’s attention, which has long argued that it must attract the best and most qualified workers to compete in the global marketplace.   Here, the attention of the technology industry, rather than the industry itself, is said to have argued a proposition. To properly identify who or what is doing the arguing, that entity must be mentioned immediately before the subordinate clause, as shown here: â€Å"Focusing on H1-B visa reform has caught the attention of the technology industry, which has long argued that it must attract the best and most qualified workers to compete in the global marketplace.† 3. Companies should follow a common privacy framework such as the federal Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Privacy and Security Framework for Electronic Exchange of Individually Identifiable Health Information. Take care not to overwhelm the reader with excessively long, complex strings of words in proper names. Here, a standard developed by a federal agency is treated as if the agency’s name is part of the standard’s designation. A simple (but scarcely more effective) solution is to use the possessive form of the agency’s name. Better yet, treat the connection of the agency’s name to the standard as a subordinate clause: â€Å"Companies should follow a common privacy framework such as the Privacy and Security Framework for Electronic Exchange of Individually Identifiable Health Information, a standard developed by the federal Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Precedent vs. PrecedenceFew vs. Several